Social Cognition The Way People Process, Storage And...

Social cognition studies the way people process, storage and apply information relate to other and social situations. It specifically focuses on the cognitive processes we use when in social interactions. The way we perceive others play an important role in how we feel, think and interact with our environment. For example, imagine you are going to your dream job interview. The first impression influences the way the interviewer seems you. That first impression is so powerful that it will be a key point to whether hire you or not. Social psychologies seek to understand the nature and causes of our behaviors, feelings and thoughts in social situation. Social psychologist tries to figure out the ways in which our thoughts feelings and actions are influenced by society. In general, social cognition is how we think about the social world around us. 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Persons Deprived of Liberty - 1523 Words

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Dissolved Gas Analysis Method Free Essays

FINAL YEAR PROJECT 1 PROGRESS REPORT 1 AUTHOR’S NAME:Ruban s/o Paramasivam STUDENT ID:EP083765 REPORTING PERIOD:18TH JUNE 2012 – 15TH JULY 2012 SUPERVISOR’S:Mr. John Steven NAME PROJECT TITLE:Dissolved Gas Analysis in determining Transformer Faults SUBMISSION DATE:16TH JULY 2012 1. 0 Background of Studies Oil sampling analysis is a useful, predictive, maintenance tool for determining transformer health. We will write a custom essay sample on Dissolved Gas Analysis Method or any similar topic only for you Order Now DGA is identified as one of the sufficient method of oil sampling in evaluating transformer health. The breakdown of electrical insulating material inside the transformer generates gases within the transformer. The identity of gases being generated is useful in any preventive method maintenance program. DGA method involves oil sampling method and testing the sample to measure the concentration of the dissolved gases. The two typical principal cause of gas formation within an operating transformer are electrical disturbance and thermal decomposition. All transformers generate gasses to some extent at normal operating temperature. Insulating mineral oils for transformer are mixtures of many different hydrocarbons and the decomposition process for these hydrocarbons are complex. During this process, active hydrogen atoms and hydrocarbons fragments are formed. These fragments can combine with each other to form gasses such as Hydrogen (H2), Methane (CH4), Acetylene (C2H2), Ethylene (C2H4), Ethane (C2H6) and many more. The gasses listed are considered combustible. The rate at which each gas are produced depends on the temperature. Therefore, the concentration of the individual dissolved gasses found in transformer insulating oil may be used directly to evaluate the transformer and suggest any faults within the transformer. After samples have been taken and analysed, the first step in evaluating DGA result is to consider the concentration level of each gasses. Basically, any sharp increase of the key gasses stated above indicates potential problem within the transformer. The type of faults which the key gasses can produce will be further discussed in the study. Literature Review 2. 0 Dissolved Gas Analysis Power Transformers are filled with oil which acts as a dielectric medium and also as a heat transfer agent besides being an insulator to the transformer. The insulated oil is made up of saturated hydrocarbons. These molecules are connected together to form a chain liked manner by carbon and hydrogen. [1] Table 1: Chemical structure of insulating oil and fault gases During normal use, there is a slow degradation of mineral oil which produces gases that dissolve in the oil, but when there is a electrical fault, the oil starts to degrade and temperature rises. Different patterns of gases are generated due to different intensities of energy dissipated according to the type of faults. This happens because of the broken chain of the chemical structure of the insulating oil. Therefore, the broken chain will form its own chemical structure which is known as hydrocarbon gases or also known as fault gases. It can be divided into 3 categories which is Thermal heating, Corona and Arching, The most severe intensity of energy dissipation occurs with arching, followed by thermal heating and the least severe is Corona. Figure 1 illustrates the process of breaking chain within the insulating oil chemical structure of the fault arcing, thermal heating, and corona. Figure 1: Breaking chain process of fault arcing, corona, thermal heating and pyrolysis of cellulose Gases which are produced by the degradation of oil because of the increase of temperature may be caused by several factors: [2] * severe overloading * lighting * switching transients * mechanical flaws * chemical decomposition of oil or insulation * overheated areas of the windings * bad connections which have a high contact resistance The type of gases present in an oil sample makes it possible to find the type of fault that occurs in the transformer. This is done by evaluating the concentration of gases present in the oil during maintenance. The type of fault and its characteristics are as below [3]: * Arcing Arcing is the most severe of all fault processes. Large amount of hydrogen and acetylene are produced, with minor quantities of methane and ethylene. Arcing occurs in high current and high temperature conditions. Carbon dioxide and carbon monoxide may also be formed if the fault involved cellulose. In some instances, the oil may become carbonized. * Thermal heating Decomposition products include ethylene and methane, together with smaller quantities of hydrogen and ethane. Traces of acetylene may be formed if the fault is severe or involves electrical contacts. * Corona Corona is a low-energy electrical fault. Low-energy electrical discharges produce hydrogen and methane, with small quantities of ethane and ethylene. Comparable amounts of carbon monoxide and dioxide may result from discharge in cellulose. 2. 1 How DGA Works DGA method includes sampling of oil inside the transformer at different locations. Chromatographic analysis will be done on the oil sample to find the concentration of dissolved gas. The gases are then separated, identified and quantitatively determined such that the DGA method can then be applied in order to obtain reliable diagnosis [6]. The extracted gases meant for analysis purpose are Hydrogen (H2), Methane (CH4), Ethane (CH6), Ethylene (C2H4), Acetylene (C2H2), Carbon Monoxide (CO), Carbon Dioxide (CO2), Nitrogen (N2) and Oxygen (O2). These fault gases can be classified into 3 groups which are shown in Table 2. Group| Hydrocarbons Hydrogen| Carbon Oxides| Non-fault gases| Gases| CH4,H2,CH6, C2H4,C2H2| CO, CO2| N2, O2| Table 2 :Fault Gases Group Depending on the concentration of the dissolved gases, condition of the transformer can be evaluated. This is achievable because each type of fault burns the oil in a different way where it generates different type of gases. Therefore, it is easy to examine the fault base on the gas released and its concentration level. Table 3 : Relation between Fault type and Fault gases 2. 2 DGA Diagnostic Methods Insulating oil breakdowns to small quantity of gases due to over electrical or thermal stress. Thus, the composition of these gases plays a role in determining type of fault. Through DGA diagnostic methods, it is possible to find faults as discussed earlier. There are many methods in DGA and 5 methods will be studied in this literature review part. 2. 2. 1 Rogers Ratio Method The Roger’s method utilizes four gases ratios: CH4/H2, C2H6/CH4, C2H4/C2H6 and C2H2/C2H6. Diagnosis if faults are accomplished via a simple coding scheme based on ranges of the ratio as shown in tables below [4]. Table 4: Gas Ratio Codes [4] Table 5: Roger’s Ratio Code [4] The combination of the coding gives 12 different types of transformer faults. The type of faults based on the code is shown in table 6 below: [4] Table 6 : Classification based on Roger’s Ratio Codes 2. 2. 2 IEC Ratio Method This method originated from the Roger’s Ratio method, except that the ratio C2H6 /CH4 was dropped since it only indicated a limited temperature range of decomposition [3]. Here, the remaining three gas ratios have different ranges of code as compared to the Roger’s ratio method and they are shown in table 7. The faults are divided into nine different types as listed in table 8. [4] Table 7: IEC Ratio Codes [4] Table 8: Classification based on IEC Ratio Codes 2. 2. 3 Doenenbury Ratio Method This method utilizes the gas concentration from ratio of CH4/H2, C2H2/CH4, C2H4/C2H6 and C2H2/ C2H4. The value of the gases at first must exceed the concentration L1 to as certain whether there is really a problem with the unit and then whether there is sufficient generation of each gas for the ratio analysis to be applicable [5]. Table 9 shows the key gases and their concentration L1 [5], and table 10 shows fault type of specific ratios. Table 9: Concentration of L1 for Doernenburg Ratio Table 10: Fault diagnosis for Doernenburg Ratio Method 2. 2. 4 Duval Triangle Method M. Duval developed this method in the 1960s. To determine whether a problem exists at least one of the hydrocarbon gases or hydrogen must be at L1 level or above and the gas generation rate is at least at G2. [6] The L1 level and the gas generation rate for this method are shown in table 11. Table 11: L1 limits and gas generation rate for Duval Triangle Methode Once a problem has been determined to exist, to obtain diagnosis, calculate the total accumulated amount of the three Duval Triangle gases (CH4, C2H2, C2H4) and divide each gas by the total to find the percentage of each gas of the total. Plot the percentages of the total on the triangle (Figure2) to arrive at the diagnosis [6] Figure 2: Duval Triangle Transformer Fault Diagnosis 2. 2. 5 Key Gas Method Figure 3 : Key Gases Diagnosis The principle of the Key Gas method is based on the quantity of fault gases released from the insulating oil when a fault occurs which in turn increase the temperature in the power transformer. The presence of the fault gases depends on the temperature or energy that will break the link or relation of the insulating oil chemical structure. This method uses the individual gas rather than the calculation of gas ratios for detecting fault. The significant and proportion of the gases are called â€Å"key gases†. Figure 3 indicate these â€Å"key gases† and relative proportions for the four general fault types [5]. 3. 0 Scheduled Work Task| Start Date| Duration (days)| Remarks| Progress| Project Title Selection| 28. 05. 2012| 12| Proposed own project title and submitted it on 4th June 2012| Completed| Research for Project Proposal| 08. 06. 2012| 10| Journals and articles were browsed through in IEEE, Science Direct, Scopus| Completed| Project Proposal| 14. 6. 2012| 3| Project Proposal was done based on the journals and articles found. | Completed | Research for Literature Review| 19. 06. 2012| unknown| Journals and articles were searched for the literature review| Ongoing| Progress Report 1| 01. 07. 2012| 15| Each progress towards the completion of Final Year Project 1| Completed| Research / Oral Presentation Preparation| 17. 07. 2012| 24| Complete the literature review and getting prepared for the oral presentation while doing research for the project| Incomplete| Oral Presentation| 10. 08. 2012 / 29. 08. 012| -| Presentation of all the findings and research and logbook to be submitted| Incomplete| Progress Report 2| 10. 08. 2012| 3| Each progress towards the completion of Final Year Project 1| Incomplete| 4. 0 Conclusion In the end of this study, I’ll be able to determine the pros and cons of all the different types of DGA diagnostics methods and be able to determine transformer faults out of the diagnostic methods which are very essential to prevent transformer damage. Suggestions and recommendations will be given to further improve the efficiency of those available diagnostic methods . 0 Reference 1. Church, J. O. , Haupert, T. J. and Jakob, Fredi (1987). â€Å"Analyze Incipient Faults with Dissolved-gas Nomograph. † Elecrical World. Oct. Pgs. 40-44. 2. DiGiorgio, Josep h B. (1997). â€Å"Dissolved Gas Analysis of Mineral Oil Insulating Fluids. † California: Northern Technology Testing 3. Domun, M. K. (1996). â€Å"Condition Monitoring of Power Transformers by Oil Analysis Techniques. † Proc. of the 11th Conference on Electric Power Supply Industry (CEPSI). Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia 4. Siva Sarma, D. V. S. S. and G. N. S. Kalyani, ANN Approach for Condition Monitoring of Power Transformers using DGA. 2004 IEEE Region 10 Conference, TENCON 2004. , 2004. C: p. 444-447. 5. C57. 104. 1991, I. , IEEE Guide for Interpretation of Gases Generated in Oil-Immersed Transformer, I. The Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers, Editor. 1992, The Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers, Inc p. 27 6. FIST3-31, Facilities Instructions, Standards and Techniques Volume 3-31 Transformer Diagnostics. 2003, Bureu of Reclamation Hydroelectric Research and Technical Services Group Denver. p. 5-13. How to cite Dissolved Gas Analysis Method, Essay examples

Analysis of the Women in The Picture of Dorian Gray Essay Example For Students

Analysis of the Women in The Picture of Dorian Gray Essay Sibyl falls head over heels in love with Dorian Gray, willing to commit her life to him after only two weeks. Lady Henry hardly knows her husband, to whom she has been married for some time. Because neither woman is in a stable and comfortable situation, both eventually take drastic measures to move on. Therefore, in The Picture of Dorian Gray, both Sibyl Vane and Lady Henry are weak, flighty, and naive. The weakness of women is found in various forms throughout the text. Henry refers to women as a decorative sex and that they never have anything to say, but they say it charmingly. Wilde 43) Nowhere is this better supported than during Lady Henrys conversation with Dorian Gray. Speaking blatantly about nothing in particular, the young woman rambles from her husbands views to parties and flowers. Without even so much as a pause to breathe, the young woman continues to talk down herself, probably not consciously, explaining that though she loves music, she is afraid of how it makes her feel, as if it is a crime to enjoy and feel passion for the arts. She then stumbles into admitting her love for the musicians themselves, leading to question how much she actually enjoys music. It is as if she meets or learns of a stunning new artist and then chooses her fascination with the sound. Following her rant on musicians, Lady Henry finds herself on the topic of foreigners. She uses this opportunity to point out that her husbands guest has not attended any of her parties. It is during this conversation with Dorian, that Lady Henrys character is completely revealed. She admits to Dorian that she always hear Harrys views from his friends. (42) Not only does Lady Henry act as a naive wife, but also a submissive one. She tells Dorian how much she worships pianists, sometimes two at a time, Harry tells me. (42) Therefore, the woman has now admitted that she can not think for herself. It does not appear to disturb her, though, that she lacks knowledge of her husbands views and does not have a mind of her own. Lady Henry, unfathomly dull and stupid, later files for divorce from her husband, putting her family in a scandalous situation. A smarter woman would not have risked so much to leave her only means of support. In addition, a scandal in Victorian times meant that Lady Henry would have lost all her friends and perhaps her family as well. Lady Henry is not the only shallow character in the text. Dorian Gray falls in love with a young girl named Sibyl Vane, who he describes as being hardly seventeen years of age, with a little flower-like face, a small Greek head with plaited coils of dark brown hair, eyes that were violet wells of passion. (46) He does not continue on to describe her personality, just more about her features, her voice, and her acting. He gets to a point at the end of his description where he proclaims, She is everything to me in life. (47) Everything to Dorian must have been nothing because Sibyl plays her role well. Whatever it may be that has caused her to be flighty and naive, be it poverty, immaturity, or ignorance, that was who she was. Young Sibyl in her innocent passion, believes that Dorian look more like a prince. (49) Rather than call him by his real name, she declares, I must call you Prince Charming. (49) She based this characterization on his looks, not on his being prince-like. .u4afb6a73efba06993d885d768e66489b , .u4afb6a73efba06993d885d768e66489b .postImageUrl , .u4afb6a73efba06993d885d768e66489b .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u4afb6a73efba06993d885d768e66489b , .u4afb6a73efba06993d885d768e66489b:hover , .u4afb6a73efba06993d885d768e66489b:visited , .u4afb6a73efba06993d885d768e66489b:active { border:0!important; } .u4afb6a73efba06993d885d768e66489b .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u4afb6a73efba06993d885d768e66489b { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u4afb6a73efba06993d885d768e66489b:active , .u4afb6a73efba06993d885d768e66489b:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u4afb6a73efba06993d885d768e66489b .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u4afb6a73efba06993d885d768e66489b .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u4afb6a73efba06993d885d768e66489b .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u4afb6a73efba06993d885d768e66489b .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u4afb6a73efba06993d885d768e66489b:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u4afb6a73efba06993d885d768e66489b .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u4afb6a73efba06993d885d768e66489b .u4afb6a73efba06993d885d768e66489b-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u4afb6a73efba06993d885d768e66489b:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Ever Do Something Stupid To Impress Someone? Throughout A Persons Lif EssayThere is no mention of him sweeping her off of her feet and rescuing her from her horrid life, until after she dubs this name upon him. Prince Charming was supposed to have been the fairy tale character who rescues princesses. Sibyl likens herself to a princess in need of the services of a young prince. Therefore, she lives the life of a child, uneducated and not too bright. The young girl speaks of Dorian to her family like he is her savior with whom she has fallen madly in love. She is not even fazed when her mother asks her What do you even know of this young man? and points out, You dont even kn ow his name. 5) Sibyl stays true to her one-dimensional view of Dorian as being a good man because he looks handsome. James Vane asks his sister about her new beau, and in her response she proclaims, If you only saw him, you would think him the most wonderful person in the world. (60) Once again, Sibyl has proven how shallow and limited she is as a woman. Shortly before her inevitable demise, Sibyl tries to prove her love by acting poorly in a play. Dorian, who happens to be as shallow as she, suddenly falls out of love with her, but Sibyl shouts out to him with a bright smile, How badly I have acted tonight! 6) Even when Dorian snaps at her and demeans her, Sibyl ignores him. She does finally break, however, when she realizes too late that good looks do not always mean good manners or true love. And yet, knowing full well how her dream man can be so terrible, she begs forgiveness for her terrible acting rather than scolding Dorian for his horrendous behavior. Dorian accuses her of killing my love and calls her shallow and stupid. (77) At first, the naive girl could not accept this; she wants to bel ieve he is acting. After Dorian tortures her with his words, she cries out, Dont go away from me. I couldnt bear it. (78) Even after seeing the cruel side of her true love, she blindly begs for him to return to her. A low moan broke from her, and she flung herself at his feet, and lay there like a trampled flower. (78) The young, insignificant woman had her heart broken by a man she barely knew. Proving how pitiful she was, Sibyl Vane, martyr of love, commits suicide over a man she hardly knows simply because he ends their relationship. In the same manner as the Shakespearian plays she acted in, she downed a poison. It was prussic acid, as she seems to have died instantly, Henry explains. Both Lady Henry and young Sibyl Vane were beyond naive and stupid. They both took to extreme measures to deal with situations that could have been more appropriately handled. Both women were self-centered and had no clue what their men were really like. Neither one of these women had any substance. It is a sad fact to note, that neither Sybil, nor Lady Henry, had a happy fairy tale ending.

Ferdinand Porsche Essays (246 words) - Porsche, Volkswagen Group

Ferdinand Porsche Ferdinand Porsche Ferdinand Porsche was born on September 3, 1875. Always interested in things mechanical, at the age of 15 he equipped his family's home with electricity, designing and building the generator and even the light bulb. The name Porsche first appeared on a car in 1900, the Lohner-Porsche, a battery-powered car that was first shown at the Paris Exhibition. In 1906 Porsche was hired by the Daimler Motor Co. as Technical Director, and eventually becoming the Chief Engineer. One of his Mercedes designs created for Daimler-Benz won the 1924 Targa Florio, and he built on this success to create the Mercedes-Benz S series of the late 1920s, cars which have been referred to as street legal racing machines. Porsche proposed a mass-produced Mercedes-Benz for the ordinary driver but was turned down by his employer, so he left the Daimler-Benz organization and started up on his own. The Volkswagen plan dates from this time, along with three aerodynamic versions built for racing.During World War II Porsche found himself working for hitler and building projects such as producing farm tractors. Hitler got porsche to build him the Kubelwagen, the Schwimwagen, and even a car that used wood as fuel to opperate in the war.But in 1946, when Porsche's son Ferry and daughter Louise Plech joined the firm, they returned to the goal of sports car design. The Porsche Type 356 went into production in 1948. Porsche died in 1951, having seen the Porsche name on a sports car. European History Essays

Native Americans transition from freedom to isolation

Native Americans transition from freedom to isolation Introduction The American civil war, which begun in 1861and ended in 1865 is regarded as one of the most violent wars experienced in the history of United States of America. At least 620,000 soldiers died during this war, which was estimated to be 2% of the American population by then.Advertising We will write a custom term paper sample on Native Americans transition from freedom to isolation specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The war caused havoc and destruction in the south wiping off about two thirds of the appraised value of the southern wealth, destroying more than half of the regions farm machinery, consuming two-fifths of southern livestock and killing one quarter of southern white males between the ages of 20 and 40 (David 1996). In the mid nineteenth century, America as a nation had conflicting ideological and cultural indifferences as it attempted to adopt the agrarian revolution traditions. Although the country had enjoyed un ity for more than 60 years, political, cultural economic and social differences were the cause of the crisis in 1861 that erupted into a civil war. The consequences of the war were termed as being more positive rather than negative to the country as a whole. According to Abraham Lincoln, the civil war brought to America a new birth of freedom as the war enlightened the people about slavery and destroying slavery paved way to freedom. Reconstruction after the war was an opportunity to adopt and embrace new changes in the southern society placing Native Americans in a new redefined society life. Lifestyle of natives American The period between 1862 and 1865 was a time during which all Native Americans all over the continent were struggling for sovereignty. The civil war attracted many people dwelling in America especially the Native Americans who comprised of various tribe’s, bands and nations. During the civil war, the Native Americans served in both federal government and the confederate states of America military. Even though they participated in the war, they did so knowing very well that, they could be putting at risk their freedom, inimitable cultures and ancestral lands if at all they lost in the war. Most of the American natives lived in the west of Mississippi river. About 360,000 of the American natives were American Indians who were confined in an Indian Territory what is today known as Oklahoma. The American Indians are said to have occupied and lived in America 9,500 years before the arrival of the first Europeans explorers. From the arguments of many anthropologists and archeologist, the first people to arrive in America most probably arrived during the last ice age period of about 20,000-30,000 years ago when they used the bridge at Bering Sound in the northeastern part of Siberia to cross over to Alaska.Advertising Looking for term paper on history? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More â€Å"The name â€Å"Indian† was first referred to them by Christopher Columbus, an European explorer, who while in search of a shorter route to India mistakenly came across the islands of America which were part of the Indies in Asia hence the name Indians† (James et al 2010). Native Americans lived in small groups and tribes. Since they were not domesticated and primitive, the American Indians used their hunting skills to kill their prey which they would later bring back to their families as a source of food. Their houses were known as longhouses, which had a rectangular shape and constructed using barks covering. These homes had one thing in common, they had smoke hole in the roof, and the entrance doors were low and covered with animal’s skins, while fires in their homes burned inside their houses all the time both day and night. Everyone in these communities had specific work entitled to them in accordance to gender and age. Men were the head of the families and for this reason they were responsible for bringing food they hunted, protect their families from animals and enemies and cure diseases while the women gathered forest foods and reaped corn in preparation to serve a meal for their families. Women were also responsible of nurturing their children while children helped when necessary as a way of preparing themselves for adulthood. Coming of the Europeans In the late fifteenth and early sixteenth centuries, the Europeans started to stream immigrants into the northern and eastern parts of America. This is where they discovered a new kind of society that was very different compared to theirs (Larry, 1986). The natives themselves were amazed by the physical appearances of the Europeans since they were white in complexion compared to their reddish natural skin colour complexion. They also had a very differently mode of dressing from the natives which was deerskins with decors from shell beads or porcupine quills, feathers and other unique ornaments. Apart from that, Europeans had a unique kind of technology with them that made them even more perplexed. This wonderful technology comprised of the fire-belching harquebus and cannon, steel knives, mirrors, hawk bells, earrings swords, copper and brass kettles, and much more wonderful things. In American history, the European exploration is termed as one of the greatest event with ecological impacts since it led to the increase in population of the Americans. The increase in population is as a result of the mass movement of people to embrace ‘new world’. The movement caused conflicts between the Europeans and the natives of the American land (Bowles 2011).Advertising We will write a custom term paper sample on Native Americans transition from freedom to isolation specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Impact of European settlement For a long time since their arrival, the Europeans and the natives coexis ted peacefully as they learned different things from each other since they both had totally different lifestyles. The two societies were able to trade food, fur coats, and beads for weapons, glass while the Indian children enjoyed playing with European toys. The two societies had very contrasting ideas in relation to personal wealth and ownership. According to the Europeans, only those who were rich had the opportunity to own land and strongly believed that once this rich person dies, the land is to passed on to family signifying honor and pride this was contrary to Indians beliefs. Indians believed that property is owned by a tribe, land was a sacred asset and it belonged to no individual person but to a family as a whole. The Indians had a rule that states that ‘everything on the earth is given to all, and each person deserves their own share’. Thereafter, conflicts erupted. Europeans appeared to be oblivious to the culture and traditions of the Indians. They were arr ogant and materialist in terms of land, animals and plants in presence, a gesture that was not appealing to the Indians. This was the beginning of indifferences among the two societies. Conflicts among Native American brought about wars and desperate struggles between the native people and white people for the rich lands that became the United States (Larry, 1986). Europeans desired to conquer the new continent because of what they viewed as materialist opportunity. Their main aim was to force out the natives from their own land compelling them to relocate in order to acquire and own these rich lands for profit. The Europeans perceived this new land as a land of great opportunities hence the motive for pushing the Native Americans into the west to where the Indians were. Their arrival brought about agricultural revolution and several other environmental changes as the Europeans colonies established new and permanent settlements in the Indian country. There was a transformed world as Europeans arrival accelerated already manifested practices of the native community (James et al 2010). These practices included; gradual collapse of chiefdoms, steady coalescence of smaller groups to large communities and introduction of new diseases.Advertising Looking for term paper on history? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More On the onset of the ‘new Indian world’ people become aware that they was scarce resources and therefore it resulted to war between themselves in order to acquire what they thought was of value to build and maintain a viable community this was the ‘human asset’. One of the main reason for the war erupting is the introduction of new technology with no way of defeating the Europeans so the natives watched helplessly their society crumble down slowly. Once the Europeans destroyed the way of life of the natives, it was difficult for many indigenous groups to maintain their traditional methods even if they wanted to. The American Indian had no powerful incentive to dream up new technologies to assist human survival. Since their arrival, the Europeans impact toward the natives was negative. The Native Americans suffered in the arms of the Europeans whereby the Native Americans were treated badly as Europeans did whatever they wished with them. At first the natives were determined to defeat their visitors but as soon as a group of the Native Americans rose to challenge the Europeans and stand up for themselves, the Europeans with their advanced technology would quickly put them down. Comparing the native’s weapons which comprised of bows and arrows and the Europeans weapons which comprised of canons and guns, the natives had a hard time battling with the Europeans. It was rare for the Native Americans to fall ill and they had built sweathouses that they used to purify themselves of ills and evil spirits. Richard (2000) notes that, â€Å"the natives had not come into contact with these kinds of diseases from the old world since they were separated from Asia, Africa and Europe by vast water bodies and ice.† Diseases like measles, pneumonia, influenza, malaria and small pox were new to these people. The Europeans are to be held responsible for bringing these diseases to the native’s lands and infecting the native people. Sin ce the diseases were introduced into America, the population of the native people dropped significantly since these people were not immune to such kind of diseases. In just a span of twenty years, about 50% of the American native population had been wiped out many of them dying because of the diseases. The increased number of deaths sparked rage among the natives as they started doubting and questioning their beliefs and religion since they could not understand why their people were dying as they had never experienced anything like these deadly diseases before the arrival of the Europeans. These made them believe that Europeans had the ability to kill and give life to people. Europeans way of life was very different from the natives. They were used to owning land and claiming its ownership arguing that Indians had no land value and no interest to owning any part of the land hence they decided to evacuate them. These conflicts brought about Indian wars, signing of an act ‘India n Removal Act’ that permitted the removal of Indians from their own land signed by President Andrew Jackson in 1830, including passing of several acts that favored European interest at that time. The war was a great disadvantage to Native Americans since they were few in numbers due to deaths brought about by lack of immunity to new diseases, their nomadic way of life prevented them from having advanced weapons, their weapons were blunt clubs and could only manage to wound and not kill their enemies. They also lacked unified of cooperation among themselves to enhance their defense. On the other hand, Europeans succeeded in conquering the natives due to their advanced weapons like the canons and guns which were considered to have played a major role. But the fact was that they only instilled fear, a psychological effect on the Native Americans as they were also well armed with Spaniards steel swords and daggers which were very sharp with the ability to slaughter the Indians. T hey also possessed horses and horsemen who could override the Indians before they could inform their fellow Indians of an invasion. These horses provided the Europeans with speed of surprise attack and a platform where Europeans could protect themselves during a fight as they could flee before their enemies could succeed in attempting to retaliate. The once peaceful community was now being faced with harsh treatment from colonialists. They had to endure several new and deadly diseases, enslavement and wars. Europeans took advantage during these wars and killed Native Americans indiscriminately. A major setback for the natives was an inconsistency in cooperation among themselves in order to build a strong defense group. This was due to the fact that there were a number of American Indians who were in support of European actions while others did not approve any of what the Europeans were doing. During the American revolutionary war, war between various American Indians tribes accelera ted (Celia, 2003). The new American settlers were struggling with the British people to support the native Americans and the nations in the east of Mississippi therefore many native Americans supported the early European settlers with the expectation of stopping the expansion of colonization in the continent. Unfortunately, the European settlers continued to expand the horizons in which they colonized either forcefully or through mutual understanding. The isolation and concentration of Indian Americans can be traced to this period after the justification of the Indian removal act in 1830. Most of the Indians who were located in the eastern parts of the Mississippi river were relocated to the western part of the river. Some of the groups relocated include: â€Å"Seneca, a group that was evicted from the state of New York and later settled in northeastern part of Oklahoma; the Sauk Indians who were evicted from Midwest and settled in a small area northern central Oklahoma; the Cherok ee who were evicted from Southeast to Oklahoma. Those Indians who refused to move west were forced to give up large tracks of their lands, which they had control over and were concentrated on increasingly small and geographically isolated areas† (Alvin, Joane Troy 1999). The population of European origin in the United States continued to increase in the late 1800 mounting more pressure on the Native Americans to give up more of their new land. The expulsion process was accomplished mostly through peaceful treaties while at times it involved violence. These new lands given to the Indians were regarded by the whites as undesirable and were located far from major population centers, trails and transportation routes. During the 19th century, United States government policies aimed at isolating and concentrating Indians in areas with scarce natural resources, detached from the emergent United States wealth. Conclusion The act signed by President Andrew Jackson in 1830, ‘the Indian Removal Act,’ essentially could be blamed for taking away any remaining opportunity of sovereignty and freedom for the Native Americans. Literature has constantly shown that these Americans left their original land by choice though this has raised a lot of criticism. Celia (2003) claimed that Native Americans endured immense pressure from European settlers to move away and due to their marginal numbers they had to concede the pressure. Since the European arrival they had been alienated mentally from their beliefs, cultures and practices as the Europeans tried to convince them to adopt to the ‘new culture’ so that they do not feel isolated but rather feel like Americans. Unfortunately, the Native American practices have been erased in an effort to make people believe that Europeans were the first people to settle in America. Towards the end of the 19th century, due to the sub-standard way of life in the isolated reservation, the federal government changed i ts primary approach to the â€Å"Indian problem† from a forced isolation to forced assimilation and now concerns about the reservation problems were resembled in many aspects. Native Americans living on reservations disproportionately lacked access to both basic and advanced technologies because poor infrastructure makes the cost of obtaining new modern technology equipment very expensive. The assimilation was achieved through allotment policy and the first allotment legislation (the Dawes Act) that was first enacted in 1887 and required that the land be sub-divided into smaller pieces so as to give the Indians an opportunity to do farming or ranching since they were the main occupations in the areas where Indians occupied. References Alvin M. J., Joane N., Troy R. J. (1999). Red power: the American Indians fight for freedom. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press. Bowles, M. (2011). A history of the United States since 1865. San Diego, CA: Bridgepoint. Celia, B. (2003). Nati ve American power in the United States, 1783-1795. Madison, NJ: Farleigh Dickinson University Press. David, L. V. (1996). Native American Economic Development on Selected Reservations a Comparative Analysis, American journal of Economics and Sociology. Vol 4 (9) p. 9-45. James, S. O. et al (2010).The Ethnic Dimension in American History. New York, NY: John Wiley and Sons. Larry, W. B. (1986). Roots of the Native American urban experience relocation policy in the 1950s. Journal of American Indian Quarterly. Vol-10, 45. Richard, F. (2000). Native Americans: the indigenous peoples of North America Living through history. Mankato, MN; Heinemann.

How the American Dream has changed for the worse over time Research Paper

How the American Dream has changed for the worse over time - Research Paper Example It is now infused with both an obsession with work and a desire to get rich quickly. Benjamin Franklin first talked about the American Dream in his Autobiography. He viewed it as in part the religious freedom that Pennsylvania embodied (Guercio). In modern times, religious freedom is not encompassed in our American Dream because we have largely accomplished it. No longer do religious minorities have to live in fear, there is an enforced freedom of religion in our nation, and thus I contend that that is why religious freedom is no longer part of the American Dream. But with the loss of this virtue comes a loss of some tolerance. We still have religious persecution. For instance, after 9/11 we saw a rapid increase in both state sponsored and personal harassment against Muslims. Many see Islamicists as threats to our freedom, and thus have no problem infringing upon religious freedom to ensure our safety. The Early American dream, however, is best embodied by the American story of immig rants. Our nation was built on immigrants, Chinese Immigrants built our transcontinental railroad, Irish Immigrants helped hold our nation together by fighting in the civil war, and German immigrants like Albert Einstein helped ensure we could maintain our presence around the world in World War 2. These immigrants built an idea of the American Dream that it was not necessarily easy, but that, with hard work, economic success could be gained. It was the willingness to work hard, to accept horrible conditions and racism, that helped immigrants like the Irish work their way up the societal totem pole and become accepted members of society. At first, they were hated by many, denied jobs, and even spit on (Irish Immigrants). While this hatred of the Irish was not part of the American Dream, what the Irish were able to accomplish was. After all, within about a century of being the scourge of the nation, an Irishman, John F Kennedy, was elected President. This advancement through social pr ejudice was once key to the American Dream, the kind of ideals our Founding Fathers used to enforce the ideas of our young nation, in contrast the oppression and prejudices of the old world (Todays American Dream). Some aspects of the American Dream were also defined with the settlement of the West, as settlers sought a place where they were not bound by laws or social constructs (Zinn). Yet this willingness to sell everything to head west was part of a wider aspect of the American dream, it embodied the idea that material possessions were worth nothing when compared to freedom and equality (Kozol). Manifest destiny, the settlement of Alaska, and the movement to explore space were all parts of this exploration aspect of the American Dream (Library of Congress). Yet these ideals of the American dream began to fall apart with industrialization. With factories and mass-produced consumer goods, people became less obsessed with freedom and more obsessed with amassing material wealth (Ben der). They were someone content with their current state of freedom, white males at least, and thus accepted their situation and, rather than try and change the system as a whole, accepted it and just tried to improve their situation. With the advent of credit and a huge new advertisement program, Americans became obsessed with material goods. This

The Helmet-To-Helmet Rule Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

The Helmet-To-Helmet Rule - Essay Example It is seen that the new helmet-to-helmet rule works effectively in reducing the number of concussions. This is basically achieved through the measures introduced by the rule, which holds the players accountable for their actions. The defenders are thereby limited in their hard hits. Thus it is realized that the rule has reduced the head injuries that were a common occurrence in the early days before its implementation. The rule receives much support on the conventional view that it greatly mitigates the serious injuries while also punishing those who fail to observe the rules of the game. Such accountability, it is argued, is very important in bringing sanity into the game. It has been realized that the graduating students who join the National Football League (NFL) are becoming bigger and stronger yearly. In that regard, the number of injuries associated with the game is increasing. The game is also becoming more violent given these types of players. The rule is certainly very timel y considering that most of the rules that usually defined the game of football are seriously ignored. In the last few years it has been realized that that most defenders have practically shifted from the conventional methods of tackling and usually confront their opponents head fast. Such dangerous moves usually create crushing tackles. Well, football is certainly intended to be a violent game and most of the hard moves are certainly within acceptable limits (Wingate 78). Nevertheless, proponents of the helmet-to-helmet rule argue that some of the moves made by the defendants are practically unnecessary. As such, given the frequent concussions, it creates the need to control much of the game through the application of universal rules. The new helmet-to-helmet rule is therefore very appropriate and should be supported at all costs considering the important transformation it has brought into the game. One fundamental benefit of the helmet-to-helmet rule is the reduced number of head i njuries that have been associated with its implementation. In each football season, it is estimated that over 20 percent of high school players and 10 percent of college players usually sustain dangerous brain injuries each year (Carter 49). Well, such statistics are shocking and should therefore trigger a new sense of thought in that respect. The increase in the number of concussions is partly attributed to the increasing speed in the games and the defiance of the rules that guide the game. The new helmet-to-helmet rule is therefore perceived as a remedy to the cases of concussions, which usually cause long term effects on the affected people. Such effects include dementia, loss of motor skills and occasional memory loss. These are very dangerous effects that should be controlled at all costs. The imperative of this particular rule at this point in time cannot therefore be underestimated. The challenge is further compounded by the results revealed by new research and evidence which reveals much serious effects of concussions on the affected people. David Kusher in his research realized that cases of multiple concussions spanning over months or years might result into serious neuropsychological deficits. It is also realized that continuous concussions over shorter periods might translate to the second impact syndrome. In this case, a concussion obtained while a player is on recovery from a previous one might lead to a condition known as progressive cerebral edema. Three or more concussions are likely

Construction of Sports Hall (GYM) in a School in Bahrain Essay

Construction of Sports Hall (GYM) in a School in Bahrain - Essay Example Despite being a country where sports are loved by a majority of the population (especially students), the government of the Kingdom of Bahrain failed to construct adequate sport or gym facilities in the schools largely due to the lack of financial assistance. However, over the last few years, the awareness of sports has increased by an unprecedented level amongst the students in the Kingdom of Bahrain given that the country was due to the host the mini Olympics. As a consequence, the demand for advanced and well-equipped sports hall (Gym) facilities also grew by a drastic margin. In light of these events, the government of the Kingdom of Bahrain felt the urge to make prospective investments behind building sports hall (Gym) in government-sponsored schools. The scope of this project lays in the fact that construction of sports hall (Gym) in the government-sponsored schools will allow students to be engaged in a physical activity of their choice besides being engaged in the academic curriculum. It will also hold students who are obese and are affected by other weakness to regain their physical fitness and strength. This is perhaps the most relevant scope of this project provided that the percentage of students suffering from health issues such obesity, respiratory problems, heart problems, bone density has increased by a considerable margin (Baby, 2006). Therefore the construction of sports hall (Gym) facilities will allow the government of the Kingdom of Bahrain to bring down this ever growing rate of health disorders. Another relevant scope of this project is evident in the fact that it will allow the government schools to build their profile in order to grab the attention of parents and convince to enroll their children to the corres ponding schools (Ministry of Education of Kingdom of Bahrain, 2013).

Applying Key Sociological Concepts: Poverty

Applying Key Sociological Concepts: Poverty Poverty is a global phenomenon that affects the whole world specially the developing nations. Poverty has affected millions of people suffering from hunger and thirst. Food, clean water, shelter and clothing are the basic needs for an individual to survive. However, people under poverty line have no access to these basic needs maybe due to economic reasons or other factors. According to Gilbert (2004), absolute poverty is the condition of people whose incomes are too low to satisfy their most basic needs (p. 3). Almost half of the world-over three billion people live on less than $2.50 a day (Global Issues, 2013). Poverty is a social issue that needs to be understood how certain class of people were able to cope under certain situation. Sociology bears the importance of helping me to understand poverty by applying sociological concept. Poverty has existed centuries ago and up to now it is still evident in recent society. As a society with interconnected parts, poverty affects not onl y a single person but rather the rest of the community. It is interesting to learn the different facets that contribute to poverty and how sociological perspective can be of use in understanding this dilemma. Illiteracy is one factor that contributes to poverty. Without proper education, people would find it hard to look for a decent job to sustain its everyday consumption and expenses. Generally, if a person cannot read and write, jobs correlating to his qualification would depend on his abilities. Poverty affects the nation economically and pulls the nation behind compared with other industrialized nation. Illiteracy brings down a society to poverty leading to widespread hunger and malnutrition. For instance, according to Igboanusi (2014), there are eight West African countries listed among the lowest ten countries in the world with regards to literacy rates including Burkina Fuso, Niger, Sierra Leone, Benin, Gambia, Senegal, Guinea Bissau, and Guinea (p. 83). These are also the poorest countries in the world- an obvious indication that poverty rates and illiteracy rates are closely connected (Igboanusi, 2014, p. 83). The social-conflict approach is a framework for building theory that sees society as an arena of inequality that generates conflict and change (Macionis, Jansson Benoit, 2013, p. 12). Applying this sociological concept means that there is an unequal distribution of wealth between the rich and the poor which creates conflict among developing nations. The inequality between the two dimensions creates a gap which makes the poor becomes poorer and the rich becomes richer. To cite a specific example would be my country where I came from, the Philippines. In the Philippines, people who are in authority holds the power and through their power they take advantage of the poor. Philippine elected politicians use their position to benefit themselves like pocketing the money allotted for public development funds. Recently, there were three Philippine Senators who were charge with graft and plunder cases for taking part in monopolizing the priority development assistance fund (Cayabyab, 2014. pa ra. 1). Also charged is alleged mastermind Janet Lim Napoles, whose bogus non-government organization were allegedly used as dummy fronts to pocket billions of public funds through ghost projects (Cayabyab, 2014, para. 6). Though recently, President Aquino’s administration has been combating enormously to counter corruption in the Philippines and seeks transparency in all government activities. Looking back to social-conflict approach, the inequality between the rich and the poor creates conflict and change in the same way as it is portrayed in the Philippine government. In addition, poverty is a difficult thing to address unless there is a balance and equal opportunity given to all people. The Feminism and Gender-Conflict approach is a point of view that focuses on inequality and conflict between men and women (Macionis, Jansson Benoit, 2013, p. 13). Feminism, in my opinion, seeks to find equality between two genders as not to place one gender ahead of the other. In my understanding, gender-conflict approach means that there is a preference of one gender over the other in terms of opportunity and employment sector. A specific example is the nation Botswana. Poverty in Botswana is a gender-based problem that disproportionately affects men and women (Raditloaneng Mulenga, 2003, p. 5). The feminization of poverty is based on measures of poverty as they relate to male and female headed households (Raditloaneng Mulenga, 2003, p. 6). These measures include income, head count ratios, and poverty sector approaches to gender-based poverty (Raditloaneng Mulenga, 2003, p. 6). Women and female headed households tend to suffer poverty and economic marginalization more acutely t han male-headed households in Botswana (Raditloaneng Mulenga, 2003, p. 6). Furthermore, Gilbert (2004) states that women experience a higher rate of poverty than men the world over (p. 179). When we measure poverty by the standard of â€Å"capabilities,† rather than simply income, the gender gap appears even wider, since females have less access to education, are often legally disadvantaged compared to males, and in many parts of the developing world do not yet have an equal voice in the political process (Gilbert, 2004, p. 179). The race-conflict approach is a point of view that focuses on inequality and conflict between people of different racial and ethnic categories (Macionis, Jansson Benoit, 2013, p. 14). In my opinion, race-conflict approach means that there is a prejudice among selected people when it comes to origin and background especially to the colored people. They are less regarded in term of employability. This approach relates to underprivileged black people in history wherein they were denied their rights. According to Baldwin Johnson (1996), â€Å"when labor supply curves are upward-sloping, wage discrimination against black men reduces not only their relative wages but also their relative employment rates (p. 302). Intersectional research highlights how barriers to employment for low-income Black women are symptomatic of their double-jeopardy, due to marginalized racial and gender identities (Branch Scherer, 2013, p. 355). Employment options available to black women were characterized by instability, exploitation, and invisibility (Branch Scherer, 2013, p. 355). Driven by economic interests combined with assumptions shaped by gender and race, those in power actively blocked black women from entering better jobs time after time (Duffy, 2013, p. 1130). Though this perception has been casted out in our modern society. I believe in equality to all people whatever their race or ethnicity. In conclusion, seeing a society in a sociological perspective helps me to understand the relationship among individuals and the society he lives in. It gives me a broader idea that a society is an interconnected network of people and people live together and creates their own culture, tradition, and ways of living through interaction. Different sociological theory or approach should be analyzed and understood to be able to relate to what is happening in our present surrounding why people behave in that manner and even sociological events that happen in the past. Likewise, poverty issue is a complex matter that encompasses a lot of sociological concept. It means that to be able to see it in a sociological perspective, I should consider using various approach to be able to understand the culture behind poverty and its consequences to people. References Baldwin, M. L., Johnson, W.G. (1996). The Employment Effects of Wage Discrimination Against Black Men. Industrial Labor Relations Review, 49(2), 302-316. Branch, E., Scherer, M. (2013). Mapping the Intersections in the Resurgence of the Culture of Poverty. Race, Gender Class, 20(3/4), 346-358. Cayabyab, M.J. (2014). Ombudsman files graft charges vs Napoles, Revilla, Estrada, and Revilla: Philippine Daily Inquirer. Retrieved from http://newsinfo.inquirer.net /609757/ombudsman-files-graft-charges-vs-napoles-revilla-estrada-enrile Duffy, M. (2013). Opportunity denied: Limiting Black Women to Devalued Work. The American Journal of Sociology, (4), 1129. Galbraith, J. (1979). The Nature of Mass Poverty. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. Gilbert, G. (2004). World Poverty: Contemporary World Issues. Santa Barbara, California: ABC-CLIO Inc. Igboanusi, H. (2014). The Role of Language Policy in Poverty Alleviation in West Africa. International Journal of the Sociology of Language, 2014(225), 75-90. doi:10.1515/ijsl-2013-0066. Macionis, J., Jansson, S. M., Benoit, C. (2013). Society the Basics. Ontario, Canada: Pearson Canada Inc. Raditloaneng, W., Mulenga, D. (2003). Rethinking Poverty and Illiteracy: A case study of Botswana’s Urban Women. Convergence, 36(2), 5-27. Shah, A. (2013). Poverty Facts and Stats: Global Issues. Retrieved from http://www.globalissues.org/article/26/poverty-facts-and-stats

Reverse Anorexia in Bodybuilders Essay -- Health Nutrition Exercise Pa

Reverse Anorexia in Bodybuilders Women compose the overwhelming majority of the reported cases of eating disorders. The, desire to be thin consumes many young women who idealize the false and unrealistic model form depicted in popular magazines. Recently, researchers have started to appreciate the role of exercise in the development of eating disorders. This shift has illuminated the striking influence of sports on body image satisfaction in men as well as women. The importance of a fit physique has grown increasingly salient to men in modem society as indicated by the rise of hypermasculine action heroes such as Arnold Schwartzenegger and Sylvester Stallone. One growing sport, bodybuilding, now has the sixth largest sports federation and has come to the attention of researchers. In the last few years, researchers have linked bodybuilding to an overwhelming drive for lean muscle mass coined "reverse anorexia" by Pope, Katz, and Hudson (1993) and "bigameraria" by Taylor(1985). The bodybuilders' obsessional behavior r esembles anorexia nervosa with remarkable similarity except that the drive for enormous muscles replaces the drive for thinness. This alarming psychological syndrome may motivate bodybuilders and weightlifters, to a lesser extent, to relinquish friends, to give up responsibilities, to pursue unusual diets, to overtrain and to risk their health by abusing steroids. Reverse Anorexia in Bodybuilders Bodybuilders who exhibit reverse anorexia strive constantly to gain more lean body mass, but even when successful persist in believing their size is inadequate. Pope et al. (1993) found that 8% of their bodybuilder subjects insisted that they were ver small when they were really big and muscular. This belief aff... ... 148, 917-922. Pasman, L., & Thompson, J. K. (19-8-8). Body and eating disturbance in -obligatory runners, obligatory weightlifters, and sedentary individuals. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 7, 759-769. Pope, H. G., & Katz, D. L. (1988-)., Affective and. psychotic syndromes associated with use of anabolic steroids. American Journal of Psychiatry, 145, 487-490. Pope, H. G., Katz, D. L., & Hudson, J. 1. (1993). Anorexia nervosa and "reverse anorexia" among 108 male bodybuilders. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 34(6), 406-409. Schwartzenegger, A., & Hall, D. K. @ 19-82). Arnold- The education a builder. New York: Pocket Books. Taylor, W. N. (1985). Hormonal Manipulation: A new era of monstrous athletes. Jefferson, N. C.: McFarland. Yates, A. (I991). Compulsive Exercise and the Eating disorders. New York: Brunner/ Mazel, Inc.